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Comfort food is food that provides the eater a or sentimental value and may be characterized by its satisfying and association with childhood or home cooking. The nostalgia may be specific to an individual or it may apply to a specific . ()

Definition and history
The term comfort food can be traced back at least to 1615, where in the beginning of the second part of , at the beginning of chapter one, Quixote's niece and her nurse (governess, housekeeper?, "ama") are told to pamper him, "to give him things to eat which are comforting and appropriate for the heart and the brain... ." Others trace it back to 1966, when the Palm Beach Post used it in a story: "Adults, when under severe emotional stress, turn to what could be called 'comfort food'—food associated with the security of childhood, like mother's or famous ." According to research by April White at , it might have been who used the term for the first time in its modern meaning in an interview, admitting to craving a .

When the term first appeared, newspapers used it in quotation marks. In the 1970s, the most popular comfort food in the United States were various dishes and , but even at the time, the definition varied from person to person. During the next decades, the nature of comfort food changed in the US, shifting from savory dishes to sweet ones, while comfort food themed cookbooks started to spread and restaurants started to offer items labelled as such, when originally the term was used for food items consumed "home alone". Worldwide diet trends, emerging in the 1990s, like the or the were unable to end the cravings for comfort food. Also in the 1990s the emergence of mass-produced food emerged which reshaped the idea of comfort food. The ability to produce and preserve food, such as canned goods, meant that comfort food became more available to those needed an extra reminder of home. For example those who were far away or under difficult conditions particularly war. According to White, the COVID-19 pandemic that hit the world in 2020 further strengthened people's need for comfort food that evokes nostalgia and the feeling of belonging.

Psychological studies
Consuming energy-dense, high calorie, high fat, salt or sugar foods, such as or , may trigger the reward system in the human brain, which gives a distinctive pleasure or temporary sense of emotional elevation and relaxation. These feelings can also be induced by ingredients found in other foods, such as and .
(2025). 9780387922713, Springer Science & Business Media. .
When psychological conditions are present, people often use comfort food to treat themselves. Those with negative emotions tend to eat unhealthy food in an effort to experience the instant gratification that comes with it, even if only short-lived.

One study divided college-students' comfort-food identifications into four categories (nostalgic foods, indulgence foods, , and physical comfort foods) with a special emphasis on the deliberate selection of particular foods to modify mood or affect, and indications that the medical-therapeutic use of particular foods may ultimately be a matter of mood-alteration.

The identification of particular items as comfort food may be idiosyncratic, though patterns are detectable. In one study of American preferences, "males preferred warm, hearty, meal-related comfort foods (such as , casseroles, and soup) while females instead preferred comfort foods that were more related (such as chocolate and ice cream). In addition, younger people preferred more snack-related comfort foods compared to those over 55 years of age." The study also revealed strong connections between consumption of comfort foods and feelings of guilt.

Comfort food consumption is seen as a response to and, consequently, as a key contributor to the epidemic of obesity in the United States. The provocation of specific hormonal responses leading selectively to increases in abdominal fat is seen as a form of .

Further studies suggest that consumption of comfort food is triggered in men by positive emotions, and by negative ones in women. The stress effect is particularly pronounced among college-aged women, with only 33% reporting choices during times of emotional stress. For women specifically, these psychological patterns may be maladaptive.

A therapeutic use of these findings includes offering comfort foods or "" beverages to anorectic patients whose health and quality of life otherwise decreases with reduced oral intake.

Comfort foods provide in the form of familiar tastes and a sense of security in stressful situations, but when taken in large quantities these foods become and impair a person from engaging in new experiences or meeting challenges head-on. A reliance on comfort foods can stifle growth and transition, since the comfort foods are overused during times of transition and distress. The foods that people during stress periods leads to a state of emotional inertia where people may become resistant to necessary change or adaptation. This reliance on experience rather than interaction with present or upcoming situations eventually stifles the ability to thrive in fluid situations and inhibits the potential for personal growth.

By region
A partial list by region of comfort foods around the world.

Afghanistan
Comfort foods in Afghanistan are:

  • – stuffed dumplings and sauce
  • – filled flatbread
  • Borani Banjan or Borani-e-Banjan – baked with yogurt sauce
  • Borani Kadoo or Borani-e-Kado – sweet and savory braised with
  • Chainaki – lamb stew, traditionally served in a bowl lined with , and cooked in a clay vessel known as a
  • Chalaw or Challow – steamed with spices
  • or Qabuli Pulao – steamed rice with raisins, carrots, and lamb
  • Karahai – meat cooked in a traditional pot
  • Kebab – grilled skewered meat
  • Gosht or Qorma-e-Gosht – braised meat
  • Mantu – meat-stuffed dumpling
  • – flatbread
  • Sabzi Palu – spinach ( sabzi) with spices
  • – rice pudding

Australia, New Zealand and South Africa
Comfort foods in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa may include:

Austria
Austrian (and especially ) comfort foods may include the following foods:

Brazil

Canada

Egypt
  • – sweet unleavened cake
  • – fried bean ball
  • – meat soup on cooked rice with crisp flatbread with garlic sauce
  • – bean stew
    (2025). 9781948703833, America's Test Kitchen. .
  • – pita bread stuffed with flavored meat
  • – casserole of rice, macaroni, and vegetables
  • – baked pasta dish with ground meat and béchamel sauce
    (2025). 9781909248496, Oxford Symposium. .
  • – winter beverage from flour
  • – soup or stew made with jute mallow leaves
  • – Pastry mixed with milk, nuts and sometimes coconut flakes topped with cream or butter and baked

France
  • Crème caramel – custard dessert
    (2014). 9781423636984, Gibbs Smith.
  • French onion soup – onion soup with cheese and bread
  • Gratin dauphinois – potato slices baked with cream
  • Pâté – cold meat paste
  • – beef stew

Germany
German comfort foods may include the following foods:

Greece
  • – stuffed vegetables
  • – sliced rotisserie meat wrapped in flatbread
  • – meatballs
  • – butter cookies
  • – baked eggplant or potato dish
  • – baked pasta dish with minced meat and béchamel sauce
  • Dolmadakia – stuffed leaves
  • – meat on a skewer

Hong Kong
  • Baked pork chop rice– a type of Hong Kong-style western cuisine
  • – an à la carte noodle dish traditionally sold using carts
  • Cha Chaan Teng – a Hong Kong style place to eat comfort food
  • – small bite-sized portions of food served in small steamer baskets during
  • in – a type of Hong Kong-style western cuisine
  • – a type of pastry that resembles a
  • Put chai ko – a palm-sized pudding cake snack
  • (including ) – meats roasted on spits over an open fire or in a large rotisserie oven

Hungary
  • – dough balls rolled in a mixture of sugar and crushed nuts
  • Lángos – yeast dough deep fried in oil with various toppings
  • Madártej – meringue floating on crème anglaise
  • Chicken paprikash
  • – potato stew with paprika
  • Pörkölt – meat stew with paprika
  • – polenta with toppings
  • – a type of Snitzel; but also is called the same way
  • – Semolina pudding
  • – small, plump soft noodles with eggs

India
India's cuisine is diverse. Some Indian comfort foods – regional and subcontinent-wide – are listed below.

  • – mutton, chicken, beef or lamb
  • – savoury snacks
  • – rice mixed with yogurt
  • Cutlet – deep-fried of meat or vegetables
  • – spiced lentils and rice, particularly in North India
  • – spicy stuffed pastry from
  • – curd with rice
  • – meat wrapped in flatbread, from
  • Maach-bhaat – fish with rice, from
  • Momo – steamed filled dumpling
  • Sambar – lentil-based vegetable stew
  • – triangular pastry with a savory filling
  • Puri – fried flatbread
  • – rice crepes, with or without a filling of potatoes and onion
  • Khichdi – stew made with rice and legumes (lentils, mung beans)
  • – curry served with buttered buns
  • Radhaballavi – deep-fried flatbread with a filling
  • – rice with beans
  • Rasam and – particularly in South India
  • – potato dumpling inside a bread bun, especially in

Indonesia
Some popular Indonesian foods are considered to be comfort food, usually served hot or warm, and either soupy or with a soft texture. Most of them are high in or fat, such as congee, fried rice, and noodles which are high in carbs; while meatballs and grilled skewered meats contain fair amounts of fat and salt. Comfort foods often are the kind of food that provides nostalgic sentiments, as they often called masakan rumahan (home cooking) or masakan ibu (mother's dishes). In Indonesia, the warm and soft texture of is believed to help people to recover during . Sayur sop or sup ayam is Indonesian chicken soup that often sought during . The warm soup contains chunk of chicken, bits of potato, carrot, and common served in chicken stock.

Some are traditional Indonesian food and some are derived from Chinese influences. Indonesian comfort foods include:

  • or – noodles ( mi) with pork ( bak) or chicken ( ayam)
  • – meatball soup
  • – chicken
  • – salad containing vegetables, and egg in peanut sauce
    (2025). 9780718159535, Michael Joseph.
  • – fried noodle; for some Indonesians, especially those who are abroad, this may include a favourite brand or type of Indonesian such as Indomie's "Mi goreng" line
  • – fried rice
  • – steamed chicken rice
  • Sayur sop or sup ayam – Indonesian chicken and vegetables soup
  • – skewered barbecue with peanut sauce
  • – spicy chicken soup

Ireland
Irish comfort food can include:

Italy

Japan
In Japan, there is an expression called "Taste of Mom()".

  • – Stewed vegetables - most commonly potato, onion, and carrot - in a mild curry sauce, sometimes with meat
  • – rice with green tea
  • – soybean-flavored clear soup
  • – rice cake
  • – rice ball
  • – soup with thin noodles

  • – octopus balls
  • – battered, deep-fried pieces of meat or vegetables
  • – soup with thick noodles

  • Tamago kake gohan - cooked rice topped with raw egg

Lithuania

Philippines
  • – A salt and vinegar marinated meat stew, with a large amount of local and regional variations.
  • / – A thick, savory rice porridge, often served as breakfast, on rainy days, or when sick.
  • – A noodle soup with a variety of meats.
  • Filipino spaghetti - Sweet and savory spaghetti
  • – A -based dessert soup with candied banana, sticky rice balls, sagó ( balls), taro, and langkâ (jackfruit).
  • – A beef soup.
  • – Chocolate rice porridge, sometimes served savory (as with tuyô)
  • - A pork blood and stew.
  • – A cold, crushed ice dessert dish of mixed sweets in fruits, with milk and topped with ice cream and .
  • – A stew of ox and in a peanut sauce. It is regarded as a local variant of Indian curry.
  • – Fried or fresh spring rolls with vegetable or meat filling.
  • – A hot noodle soup with distinctly thick egg noodles.
  • – A class of noodles, almost always fried or stir-fried, and often served during birthday celebrations.
  • Puto – Steamed rice cakes
  • - Sour, -based chicken soup
  • – A classification of sour soups with different configurations of meats, vegetables, and souring agents.
  • - A creamy soup (usually made with chicken) with elbow .
  • Suman – Another type of glutinous rice cake
  • – Hot chocolate drink made with , served with or without milk.

Poland
Some Polish comfort food include:

  • Soups and stews
    • – "hunters' stew"
    • Barszcz z uszkami – a variant of , a clear beetroot soup with forest mushrooms dumplings
    • – goulash / meat and vegetable stew
    • Kapuśniak – sour cabbage soup ( soup)
    • Rosół – chicken soup with fine noodles
      (2025). 9781452110554, Anne Applebaum, Danielle Crittenden. .
    • Zupa grzybowa – wild mushroom soup
    • – sour cucumber soup
    • – clear tomato soup with rice or noodles
    • – sorrel soup served with boiled egg
    • Żurek – sour rye soup
  • Budyń waniliowy z malinami – vanilla pudding with raspberries
  • – pork schnitzel
  • – stewed or roasted
  • – small potato dumpling
  • – large flat noodles with fried sauerkraut
  • Makaron ze śmietaną i truskawkami – pasta with cream and strawberries
  • Naleśniki z twarogiem – with milk curd
  • – filled dumplings
  • – potato pancakes
  • – baked cheesecake
  • Pickled herring]] – pickled herring
  • Zasmażana kapusta - braised sauerkraut
  • – toasted open-face sandwich

Puerto Rico
Some Puerto Rican comfort foods include:

  • Arroz con gandules – rice with pigeon peas
  • Arroz con pollo – rice with chicken
  • Bistec encebollado – steak and onions
  • Carne Guisada – stewed beef
  • Carne mechada – Puerto Rican style meatloaf
  • – grilled flank or skirt steak
  • and – assortments of fried appetizers (, bacalaitos, , , )
  • Habichuelas guisadas con calabaza – beans stewed with pumpkin
  • Lechón asado – roast pork
  • Mixta – white rice, stewed beans with pumpkin and stewed meat with potatoes and carrots
  • and trifongo – fried mashed green plantains
  • Mofongo relleno de mariscos, carne o pollo – Fried mashed green plantains stuffed with seafood, meat or chicken
  • – Puerto Rican tamales
  • Pastelón de plátano maduro – ripe banana casserole with ground beef and cheddar cheese
  • – Puerto Rican skewers
  • – fried plantain slices

Romania
Romanian comfort foods may include:

Russia
Russian comfort foods may include:

Singapore

  • —toast with sweet coconut jam and cold butter, commonly served with coffee and soft-boiled eggs
  • Milo—chocolate flavoured malt drink
  • Hainanese chicken rice
  • Bak kut teh—pork ribs dish cooked in broth

South Korea

Spain
  • Castañas asadas – roasted chestnuts
  • Chocolate con churros – drink with
    (2025). 9781788685276, Lonely Planet. .
  • Savoury coca
  • ("Sea and Mountain") dishes, which combine meat and seafood
  • , a generic name for different kinds of cured meat, including (a characteristic type of dried sausage), (salami) and different kinds of cold cut .
  • Cordero asado – grilled lamb
  • Fried seafood, such as boquerones fritos (fried anchovies) and calamares fritos (fried squid)
  • – cold vegetable soup
  • Jamón serrano – Serrano ham
  • Pan tumaca (bread smeared with tomato and olive oil, and sometimes garlic)
  • (sauce which is an emulsion of garlic and olive oil. The name literally means "garlic and oil" in Catalan)
  • Catalan-style cod (with raisins and )
  • (various grilled vegetables)
  • y carne de la olla (a broth, it may be served as soup with pasta and minced meats and vegetables, or as the soup first and then the rest)
  • Canelones ( with a bechamel sauce)
  • ( salad with tomato and onion)
  • Judías con (beans and pork sausage)
  • (a seafood casserole)
  • Calçot (specially cultivated , grilled and served as a "Calçotada")
  • – rice with saffron, cooked in a shallow pan
  • Sausage, such as , , and salchichón
  • – sweet bread
  • , such as cocido madrileño ( stew)
  • Tarta de Santiago – almond cake or tart
  • Caragols a la llauna (cooked )
  • and many other Mediterranean fresh fish
  • (custard made from egg yolks, milk, sugar, lemon zest and cinnamon)
  • (bite-sized cakes in different shapes, mostly round, made mainly of marzipan)
  • –
  • Tortilla española or tortilla de patata – potato omelet

Switzerland
Traditional Swiss cuisine is characterized by its simplicity and extensive use of dairy products like cheese, cream and butter. Fruits (often apple compote) are also used in many (main) dishes, notably Älplermagronen and .

  • Älplermagronen – pasta, potatoes, cream, cheese, and onions
  • – stuffed leaves
  • Cholera – filled pastry
  • – melted cheese sauce for
  • – potato pieces slow-fried in butter
  • – buckwheat-and-wheat pasta with cheese
  • – melted cheese
  • Rösti – grated potato pancake with various accompaniments
  • Wähe – pastry shell with custard and various ingredients

Taiwan
  • Beef noodle soup
  • Dan zai noodles – noodles and prawn with broth
  • Minced pork rice
  • Red bean soup
  • Small sausage in large sausage – grilled sausage in a rice casing
  • Tangyuan – filled rice dumplings in sweet syrup

Turkey
Some Turkish comfort foods are:

  • Mantı – spicy meat dumpling
  • – bean and tomato stew
  • – rice dish
  • – a soup based on lentils
  • Börek – baked filled pastries, a wide variety of regional variations of börek exists
  • Menemen - commonly eaten for breakfast
  • Yaprak Sarma - stuffed grape leaves
  • Gözleme - a stuffed flatbread, commonly stuffed with spinach, minced meat and potato mash
  • Pide

Ukraine
Ukrainian comfort foods include, but aren't limitied to:

  • — beetroots soup, also there are few variants:
  • — potato pancakes with sour cream
  • — small, medium or large rolls with prepared rice
  • — kind of porridge
  • Kolach — sweet, round shaped pastry
  • — pancakes.
    • Nalysnyky — pancakes with fillings
  • — small savory or sweet yeast-raised bun
  • Pyrizhky — baked or fried small donuts with different (mostly fruits or meat) fillings. (Not to be confused with Polish PiErogi or Russian PirogI)
  • — fried quark , garnished with
  • Varennia — jam
  • — Filled dumplings cooked at boiling water
  • — Beans and potato salad colored with beetroots

United Kingdom
United Kingdom comfort foods include:

United States
American comfort foods may include the following foods:

See also

Further reading
External links
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